Human Diversity an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Human Diversity by Expert Dr. Mart (Ph.D.) | 20 Dec 2016 Human persity is often associated with differences between people, and is oftentimes accounted for the oppression and injustice that is happening in our society today. This becomes a basis of judging persons character, depending on the group of people that they belong. The different characters include a persons race, nationality, culture or ethnicity, gender, social class, sexual preference, religion and more. But these traits are just superficial, and are not very significant regarding the topic of human persity. There are a lot of other differences that can be considered and these traits are far more important in gaining knowledge regarding the concept of human persity. Need essay sample on "Human Diversity" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The matter that we should consider important regarding this topic should be related to a persons growth and character development. This includes his personality, preference, interests, needs, abilities, skills and capabilities, ideas and more. The persons differences should not lead to disparity between other groups of people, thus it should be seen or be recognized as a unique character, a source of inpiduality and not of indifference. People should be able to live with these differences rather than fighting each other asserting that one is superior or inferior to the other. Coping with the presence of other different culture is an important matter that people should consider. Although there are really unique qualities or differences between other people, it should be respected, as well as expecting others to respect ones differences also ("Race - the Power of an Illusion"). Instead of finding faults from others difference, people should consider how they will be able to make use of these differences. They should learn from each others different characteristics rather than asserting what you believed is ultimately what others should believe also, and that differences of people would surely lead to hostility and misunderstandings. This is the full realization of these differences: being to live with other person who possesses different characteristics. The human race The human race is a term that is used to describe various populations or groups of people which are distinguished by various sets of characteristics and beliefs, and comes from the same ancestors. Usually, the human race is based on what seem to be are visible characteristics or traits of people like their skin color, hair color, or facial structure and features. According to Barbujani, in classical human genetic or physical anthropology textbooks, races are envisaged as large populations of inpiduals who evolved together, share a significant fraction of their genes, hence can be distinguished from other races by their gene pool or by different alleles fixed in each (Barbujani). These races are clearly separated or delineated by various borders related to variations which are biological. There are various ways that leads to the occurrence of these races. One of these ways is when reproductive barriers form because of isolation; genetic drift and internal variations when alleles which are lost are havent been able to be introduced by the gene flow. This leads to the pergence of the different groups, wherein different alleles becomes lost inside each groups, which results to mutations occurring in the groups. Because of pergence, groups will soon develop and be able to generate several genetic discontinuities, thus creating boundaries between the various groups of people. Another way to create variations is when different groups on the other hand converge with each other, thus recombining various genes. These results to exchanging important or substantial amount of difference in the gene flow of these groups (Barbujani). Classifying people There are various types and characteristics if human beings. They have no definite size or shape, and that when you classify them into groups; it is inevitable to consider their social status, their cultural ideas, and political priorities. According to Bulbeck, et al, from early historical times, people of widely perse origins were brought together through trade and conquest (Bulbeck, Raghavan and Rayner). There were various schemes that have been used to characterize human beings before, and it was more on the physical basis. The most common way was to classify skin color of people, but eventually, early European scholars devised a way on how to formalize the taxonomies of the human races. Later in the twentieth century, people have recognized a way in order to determine ones race, and it was more on the physical anthropology concept. Because of this, several themes have emerged, thus leading to variations on making certain classifications of the human race. These themes are summarized as follows: the integration of a broad array of biological indicators, approaches on the clinical patterns which concerns human variation, the packaging of various indigenous human variations on continuous blocs concerning geography, and the search for the fossil records of the ancestors of these races (Yotova). In the late 20th century, researchers were able to devise a more refined knowledge of human variation, genes and studies about genetics, and the fossil records. This had led to pisions in the different perceptions of humanity in these various races (Bulbeck, Raghavan and Rayner). In order to categorize the different types of human beings, there are various concerns that need to be considered. Different people fall in different groups as one change the criteria of the classification, thats why we should stick in one criteria rather than changing it constantly (Mamiya). When it comes to biology, people doesnt necessarily inherit a trait, instead he gets it independently. A specific trait of a person doesnt tell what kind of person he is as a whole. When putting this in the context of race characteristics, a trait shown by a single entity doesnt generally mean that all the members of the population should follow. Another is to point that classification of a person is more in a cultural sense than scientific. He is classified not because of his genes, his gene pool, or any other biological concern. It is more of a culture-based classifier, wherein it includes his social status, character, and more ("Race - the Power of an Illusion"). Also, there are a lot of loopholes or gaps between various groups of people. There is no single, unifying gene that would signify that persons race from another. This is accounted for by the nature of classification of people as more of the cultural alignment than biological or scientific. Categories are more socially constructed, thus there are a lot of inconsistencies in these various groups defined. Summary In todays society, there are a lot of different groups of people living together. Cultural disparities between these groups cannot be avoided, but still they are regarded as an important aspect of the society. There are various factors that led to the occurrence of these groups. The persity in human beings proves to be of great importance in todays world since it is a means of sharing of knowledge from one culture to another. Interactions between these cultures mean enriching the minds of the people, and adding more persity on our already-perse society. References: Barbujani, Guido. "Human Races: Classifying People Vs. Understanding persity." Current Genomics Vol. 6.Issue 4 (2005): p215-26, 12p. Bulbeck, David, Pathmanathan Raghavan, and Daniel Rayner. "Races of Homo Sapiens: If Not in the Southwest Pacific, Then Nowhere." World Archaeology Vol. 38. Issue 1 (2006): p109-32, 24p. "Race - the Power of an Illusion". 2006. California Newreel. April 24 2007. http://www.pbs.org/race/000_General/000_00-Home.htm>. Mamiya, L. H. "Being Human: Race, Culture, and Religion." Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries Vol. 43.Issue 7 (2006): p1243-44, 2p. Yotova, Vania, et al. "Haplotypes in the Dystrophin DNA Segment Point to a Mosaic Origin of Modern Human persity." American Journal of Human Genetics Vol. 73.Issue 5 (2003): p994-1015, 22p.

What You Need to Know About the Crusades

What You Need to Know About the Crusades The medieval Crusade was a holy war. For a conflict to be officially considered a Crusade, it had to be sanctioned by the pope and conducted against groups seen as enemies of Christendom. Initially, only those expeditions to the Holy Land (Jerusalem and associated territory) were considered Crusades. More recently, historians have also recognized campaigns against heretics, pagans, and Muslims in Europe as Crusades. How the Crusades Began For centuries, Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims, but they tolerated Christian pilgrims because they helped the economy. Then, in the 1070s, Turks (who were also Muslim) conquered these holy lands and mistreated Christians before realizing how useful their goodwill (and money) could be. The Turks also threatened the Byzantine Empire. Emperor Alexius asked the pope for assistance, and Urban II, seeing a way to harness the violent energy of Christian knights, made a speech calling for them to take back Jerusalem. Thousands responded, resulting in the First Crusade. When the Crusades Began and Ended Urban II made his speech calling for Crusade at the Council of Clermont in November, 1095. This is seen as the start of the Crusades. However, the reconquista of Spain, an important precursor to crusading activity, had been going on for centuries. Traditionally, the fall of Acre in 1291 marks the end of the Crusades, but some historians extend them to 1798, when Napoleon expelled the Knights Hospitaller from Malta. Crusader Motivations There were as many different reasons for crusading as there were crusaders, but the single most common reason was piety. To crusade was to go on pilgrimage, a holy journey of personal salvation. Whether that also meant giving up virtually everything and willingly facing death for God, bending to peer or family pressure, indulging bloodlust without guilt, or seeking adventure or gold or personal glory depended entirely on who was doing the crusading. Who Went on Crusade People from all walks of life, from peasants and laborers to kings and queens, answered the call. Women were encouraged to give money and stay out of the way, but some went on crusade anyway. When nobles crusaded, they often brought huge retinues, whose members may not necessarily have wanted to go along. At one time, scholars theorized that younger sons more frequently went crusading in search of estates of their own; however, crusading was an expensive business, and recent research indicates it was lords and elder sons who were more likely to crusade. The Number of Crusades Historians have numbered eight expeditions to the Holy Land, though some lump the 7th and 8th together for a total of seven crusades. However, there was a steady stream of armies from Europe to the Holy Land, so it is nearly impossible to distinguish separate campaigns. In addition, some crusades have been named, including the Albigensian Crusade, the Baltic (or Northern) Crusades, the Peoples Crusade, and the Reconquista. Crusader Territory Upon the success of the First Crusade, the Europeans set up a king of Jerusalem and established what is known as the Crusader States. Also called outremer (French for across the sea), the Kingdom of Jerusalem controlled Antioch and Edessa, and it was divided into two territories since these places were so far-flung. When ambitious Venetian merchants convinced warriors of the Fourth Crusade to capture Constantinople in 1204, the resulting government was referred to as the Latin Empire, to distinguish it from the Greek, or Byzantine, empire they had claimed. Crusading Orders Two important military orders were established in the early 12th century: the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar. Both were monastic orders whose members took vows of chastity and poverty, yet they were also militarily trained. Their primary purpose was to protect and aid pilgrims to the Holy Land. Both orders did very well financially, particularly the Templars, who were notoriously arrested and disbanded by Philip IV of France in 1307. The Hospitallers outlasted the Crusades and continue, in a much-altered form, to this day. Other orders were established later, including the Teutonic Knights. Impact of the Crusades Some historians particularly Crusades scholars consider the Crusades the single most important series of events in the Middle Ages. The significant changes in the structure of European society that took place in the 12th and 13th centuries were long considered the direct result of Europes participation in the Crusades. This view no longer holds as strongly as it once did. Historians have recognized many other contributing factors in this complex time. Yet there is no doubt the Crusades contributed greatly to changes in Europe. The effort of raising armies and providing supplies for Crusaders stimulated the economy; trade benefited, as well, especially once the Crusader States were established. Interaction between the East and West affected European culture in areas of art and architecture, literature, mathematics, science and education. And Urbans vision of directing the energies of warring knights outward succeeded in reducing war within Europe. Having a common foe and common objective, even for those who didnt participate in the Crusade, fostered a view of Christendom as a united entity.   This has been a very basic introduction to the Crusades. For a better understanding of this extremely complex and greatly-misunderstood topic, please explore our Crusades Resources or read one of the Crusades Books recommended by your Guide.